The Relationship Between Confucianism And Buddhism Essay

â€Å"It is often said that, aside from the impact of Marxism on twentieth-century China, the only other time when the Chinese looked beyond their own borders for intellectual sustenance was during the period when Buddhism was absorbed from India† (LaFleur 23). Why did this religion appeal to the Chinese when they disregarded so many other external influences? After all, being tied to the rest of the world by the Silk Road meant they were constantly inundated with novel concepts from far and wide. The answer must lie in how Buddhism interacted with the other faiths already established in the country, namely Confucianism and Daoism (sometimes spelled Taoism). While at first glance it may appear that Confucian China would be the last place†¦show more content†¦The political turmoil and the ebb in Confucianism’s popularity that resulted from the fall of the Han Empire in 220 C.E. gave Buddhism its foothold in Chinese society and culture after almost two centuries of marginal existence in the country (Zuercher 416). China’s acceptance of the religion was actually a boon for Buddhism because, while Indians were not much concerned with writing down their scriptures or historical accounts, the Chinese copied down and translated their received teachings with meticulous care (LaFleur 21). In fact, when Mahayana scriptures were brought to China, it was the Chinese who sifted through the contradictory sutras to make sense of the new branch’s teachings as they translated them from Sanskrit (LaFleur 24). Many early writers of Buddhist texts in China also worked hard to make their works appealing to Confucians, who were a tough crowd to impress. Ku-fa-lan and She Moteng (also known as Kasyapa Matanga), who were missionaries from India, wrote the Sutra of Forty-two Sayings for the Chinese Emperor Ming-Di in 67 A.D. They wrote in a more Confucian manner, and excluded contentious Buddhist material. For example, even though this â€Å"handbook of moral teaching† considers family ties to be fetters, it says a monk should treat all women as female relatives, that is, he should viewShow MoreRelatedComparing Karma, Reincarnation, Rebirth, Moksha, and Nirvana644 Words   |  3 PagesDescribe the difference between Karma, Reincarnation, Rebirth, Moksha, and Nirvana in relation to both Hinduism and Buddhism. Karma is the connotation of causality that past actions influence future events. This is the same for both Buddhism and Hinduism. Both also believe in an endless cycle of births known as endless cycle of births, known as samsara. and release from this cycle of rebirths. Hindus believe in an everlasting soul (atman) that is reincarnated almost intact from birth to birth,Read MoreBuddhism Is An Indispensable Element Of Chinese And Formation Of Mahayana Buddhism Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. In fact , the distinct Chinese history and culture played significantRead MoreEssay on Confucianism vs. Buddhism1607 Words   |  7 PagesConfucianism vs. Buddhism By Robert Truckle In this essay, two world religions will be compared to see how similar and/or how different they are; these two religions are Confucianism and Buddhism. Confucianism speaks about the wise thoughts that Confucius came across throughout his life. Buddhism speaks about how to acquire great knowledge throughout life. Confucianism was founded by a Chinese man, but Buddhism was founded by an Indian man. These quick comparisons show how the religions differRead MoreThe Link Between Mahayana Buddhism And Chinese Culture1476 Words   |  6 Pages The link between Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese Culture Buddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya preceptRead MoreThe Korean Art Exhibition At The Los Angeles County Museum Of Art1099 Words   |  5 PagesKorea has met many religious ideas and practices throughout the nation’s history. Other than the more indigenous ideologies like shamanism, Confucianism and Buddhism have been most influential in ancient Korea prior to the onset of Japanese colonialism. 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Confucians scholars blamed the Buddhists’ mismanagement to justify their action of building a new dynasty . The shift of a state from Buddhism to Neo-Confucianism with the transition from Koryo to Choson is well-known, but it needs to be broken down into pieces to observe theRead MoreChin The Four Noble Truths1353 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 220 and 570 C.E., China experienced a political instability and disunity, which opened the way to the spread of Buddhism. Before this new way of life could take hold, however, the Chinese people had to learn the teachings of Buddha, such as the first sermon preached by Buddha in the fifth century B.C.E., known as â€Å"The Four Noble Truths.† Although Buddhism eventually became popular throughout China, there was opposition to the new beliefs and Chinese people struggled with replacing theirRead MoreEvalu ate the Changes and Continuities in the Role of Religion in Chinese Society from 600 to 1450.1043 Words   |  5 Pagescertain religions while repressing others. While Buddhism flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasty, it faced opposition from the government during the Song dynasty. Confucianism lost government endorsement during the Sui and Tang but gained momentum during the Song as Neo-Confucianism. Yuan dynasty promoted Islam and Tibet Buddhism but ignored Confucianism. Different rulers sponsored and protected different religions but Confucianism and some form of Buddhism have always been alive in Chinese society

Why the ratification of the constitution was a good thing

Why the ratification of the constitution was a good thing The Constitution of the United States is one of the first written constitutions and one of the ‘oldest’ to have been made on the national level and applicable today. It was developed and adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in May and September, 1787. The Constitution of 1787 followed the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The U.S. Declaration of Independence, as the precaution of the U.S. Constitution, is a historical document in which the British colonies in the North America declared the independence from Great Britain, which was unanimously adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July†¦show more content†¦All this together gives grounds to say that the adoption of the U.S. Constitution was a historic event and played a major role in the development of democracy in the USA, as well as throughout the world. According to one of its founding fathers and the third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"The Constitution of the United States is the result of adding the wisdom of our country†. The U.S. Constitution was the first constitution in the world, and for its time, it was an outstanding document. For this reason, the subsequent constitutions could not ignore the experience of the drafters of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Constitution (including the Bill of Rights) had great influence on modern policy documents: the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights of 1789 and the Polish Constitution of 1791. Despite the fact that Polish Constitution (which was the second constitution in world history but lasted only a year) established a form of government as a constitutional monarchy, the impact of the U.S. Constitution in this document was found. Constitutions of Latin American countries that gained independence in the early XIX century borrowed from the U.S. Constitution not only general principles but also the state system (structure of executive authorities, in some cases - the federal structure). Almost all countries in Latin America are presidential republics. In some cases, American lawyers were directly involved in the creation of the constitutionsShow MoreRelatedTheu.s. Constitution And The Constitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S Constitution is one of the most, if not the most, important documents ever written in political history. The constitution established America’s national government and provided the fundamental framework for the present and future legal pa rameters by which the american people would be governed by. The Constitution was officially signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia during a constitutional convention. In order for the constitution to actually be an official document, it had to have beenRead MoreThe Treaty Of The United States Government990 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States government as we know it today was not made in a day. It took four months to write it, and then an additional nine months to get it ratified. The ratification process was not easy though. The system was approved by the Federalists, who supported the strong, central power bestowed in the national government. However, they were opposed by the Anti-Federalists, who wanted more power to be given to the states. Both groups had papers written by people on each side, under the pseudonymRead MoreGeorge Washington: Statemanship825 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington, born on the 22nd of February 1732 was indeed a Statesman of the highest calib er. As we see in chapter 12 ‘Understanding Politics’. 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One example was when state legislatures began increasing taxes in order, to pay off the large debts after the warRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States has thrived under the Constitution. It has been the backbone of this country while growing from an infant into an adult. Although, the Constitution was instrumental in the maturation of America it was not the first form of g overnment in this country. Ten years before the Constitutional Convention, Washington’s presidency, or the three branches of government; the Articles of Confederation were created. This fledgling government, proposed in 1777, was doomed to never take flight, beingRead MoreFederalist Papers : The Federalist Paper1617 Words   |  7 PagesFederalist Papers Ten and Fifty-One were the ideal papers written by Madison to support th ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬e ratification of the Constitution. Out of all the federalist papers, these are two of the most important federalist papers. So what were the federalist papers? They were 85 essays written by three gentlemen: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that explained particular provisions of the Constitution in detail. Alexander Hamilton goes on to be the first treasury secretary, James Madison goes onRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation From A New Constitution1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper is to talk about the different actions taken to replace the Articles of Confederation to bring about a new Constitution. I will first start out by giving some background on the Article of Confederation as to what it was and why it was important for the US? Secondly, I will provide the reader with some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Article of Confederation. Why did the Article of Confederation fail? Third, I will talk about the actions that were taken to replace the Article ofRead MoreThe Politics Of The Founding Fathers Time1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthis definition is perfect for American politics. Our government is constantly changing. There are new members of government being voted in, committees trying to get their ideas voted into law, and the Supreme Court is constantly interrupting the Constitution in new ways for our ever changing society. This all is included in the debate and conflict of parties trying to gain a foothold of power in our ever changing democracy. I think democracy l ooks far different today than in the founding fathers timeRead MoreThe Importance of Voting784 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history in many countries, people from across the world have fought and sacrificed everything to achieve. It’s a right that people to this day continue to fight for in places where corrupt governments suppress their freedoms and rights and it is why tens of millions of people still do not enjoy this special right. As Americans, we have the special chance to live in a society that has such rights for their citizens. To many they may think about that voting is not important when there are millionsRead More Federalists and Anti-Federalists Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesThe Constitution, when first introduced, set the stage for much controversy in the United States. The two major parties in this battle were the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists, such as James Madison, were in favor of ratifying the Constitution. On the other hand, the Anti-Federalists, such as Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, were against ratification. Each party has their own beliefs on why or why not this document should or should not be passed. These beliefs are displayed

Building a Successful Corporation Free Essays

A preliminary, albeit cursory review of literature on the topic of corporate success indicates that it is a vital element in the process of bringing about a vibrant economy and improved standard of living (Kay, 1995). With this understanding in mind, the researcher arrived at the conclusion that the topic of building a successful corporation merits further research from several different points of view; therefore, this proposal is presented in the interest of additional research. THE PROBLEM The researcher will conduct this study and write the subsequent thesis in order to adequately define and understand the process of building a successful corporation. We will write a custom essay sample on Building a Successful Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, successful corporations are the backbone of the international economy, and add endless value to the human experience; therefore, it is both timely and valuable to better understand how and why successful corporations are created. THE METHOD The researcher will utilize an extensive variety of written works on the subject of outsourcing as research material, in addition to Internet research and interviews with individuals knowledgeable in the subject matter. Information derived from these sources will be interpreted and presented along with relevant charts, tables and graphs to employ a thorough research method. THE FINDINGS The researcher will present findings in a sufficiently technical, yet easily interpreted format, designed to allow the thesis to be utilized as a strategic planning tool for other firms. The findings will be presented with thorough documentation and explanation within the text of the thesis. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to define what constitutes a successful corporation, examine the case studies of successful corporations within that definition, and provide an overall stronger understanding of this topic. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This research is relevant and important because successful corporations are valuable not only to the United States, but to every nation that prides itself on offering people the opportunity to earn a fair wage for their labors; a wage that allows for a comfortable standard of living and the chance to obtain comfortable housing, quality medical care, and all of the other trappings that allow for prosperity and well-being. Undoubtedly, the business community needs to fully understand what success will mean for a corporation, as well as some of the best practices that other firms have used to gain success. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The study will center on a balanced analysis of the issue of corporate success to determine if it provides an immediate contribution to the economic, social, and moral prosperity of the United States, or perhaps it is just a step in the evolution of the American economy that will lead to economic growth and prosperity in the long term. The analysis of this phenomenon, by its very nature, will lead the researcher to analyze from a myriad of viewpoints; undoubtedly, there is a political element to the topic, as well as a â€Å"trickle-down† effect that manifests itself in the buying decisions of individual consumers, businesses and industries. By viewing the topic one of human as well as business interest, a unique perspective will be achieved, adding to the breadth and validity of the research. Bibliography Kay, J. A. (1995). Foundations of Corporate Success: How Business Strategies Add Value. Oxford: Oxford University Press. How to cite Building a Successful Corporation, Papers

Book Report Essay Example For Students

Book Report Essay 1 Kings 12:1-24After King Solomon past away his son Rehoboam took over as the King of Israel. Upon taking command of the throne, the people of Israel made a request of their new King. They asked him to lighten the harsh workload and the heavy yoke put on them by Rehoboams father, King Solomon. After consulting with his elders as well as with his peers Rehoboam decided not to ease up, but to instead tighten his control even further. But his plan backfired and the people of Israel rebelled and Judah was the only city Rehoboam was able to maintain control of. Rehoboam then gathered up 180,000 fighting men and was going to try and regain control of his Kingdom but God told Shemiah to tell Rehoboam to not attack but instead to go home. 1 Kings 17:1-19:21While under the command of King Ahab, Israel would endure a long drought where neither rain nor dew would fall. Elijah, a Tishbite from Tishbe told King Ahab of this upcoming drought. After informing the King, Elijah was instructed by God to go and hide in the Kerith Ravine. After a couple years had passed the Lord instructed Elijah to present himself to Ahab and he would then bring rain. Elijah then met with Ahab on Mount Carmel. During this encounter Elijah had Ahab summon all the prophets of Baal and Asherah. Elijah then challenged them to prove their God Baal, was real by having him set fire to a bull. When they were unsuccessful Elijah then called upon the lord to set fire upon his bull and then suddenly the bull burst into flames. Elijah then had all the prophets killed. After the killing of the prophets Ahab was not happy so he basically had a death warrant put on Elijahs head. 2 Kings 2:1-25Before Elijah died, his servant Elisha had asked for a double portio n of his spirit upon his death. After Elijah was taken away by a chariot of fire, Elisha picked up Elijahs cloak and divided the water of the Jordan to the right and to the left. This act proved to onlookers that Elisha did indeed inherit Elijahs spirit. 2 Kings 4:1-8:6Throughout this chapter Elisha performs many good deeds. He helped a lady and her two sons out by providing them with enough oil to pay their debts. He also gave a Shunammite woman a son, and when her son died he restored life back into the boy. Elisha also made twenty loaves of bread feed a hundred people. EzraIn the book of Ezra, King Cyrus of Persia made a proclamation to build a great temple for the Lord in Judah. He also had 42,360 exiles returned to their homes. During the construction though the people of Judah and Benjamin encountered some problems with neighboring nations that did not want the temple to be built. The work eventually came to a halt per King Artaxerxes. The work did not resume until Darius became King. NehemiahIn the book of Nehemiah, Nehemiah a cupbearer for King Artaxerxes organizes a project to rebuild the walls of the city of Jerusalem. During the construction of the wall the people of Jerusalem encountered opposition from a man named Sanballat. They pressed on with the construction though ignoring his threats of war. Nehemiah then had exiles brought back into Jerusalem to become residents. EstherDuring the rule of King Xerxes, Queen Vashti disobeyed an order given to her by the King. For punishment he had her relinquish her power and she was to never enter the presence of the King again. The King then crowned a virgin named Esther to take the vacated spot of queen. The King was so pleased with his new Queen that he proclaimed a holiday in her name. Then one of the Kings Nobles named Haman issued an order to have all the Jews destroyed including Mordecai, Queen Esthers father. But Hamans plan backfired and the King had him hung.

How Does Shakespeare Present The Character of Shylock Essay Example

How Does Shakespeare Present The Character of Shylock Paper The Merchant of Venice is a tragic comedy ,set in Venice in the late 15th century. Shylock, who is a Jewish moneylender, is trying to make a living in a country that despises him for being Jewish. Before the plot even starts, Shylock is condemned by the audience for being a Jew, and a moneylender. The Christians by religion were unable to lend money and the Jews could basically do nothing else, this made the Christians hate the Jews even more. In Venice there was a great opposition between Christians and Jews, for example the centre of the Venetian community was Christian and around the perimeter of Venice lived the Jews, who were not included in the rest of Venice. Because of their religion, They were portrayed as inferior. The play was a big risk for Shakespeare to take as it showed the prejudice towards the Jews. If his play portrayed Jews too well so that it offended the queen or if any of the audience took offence it may have cost him his life. But cleverly Shakespeare captured understanding and sympathy from the audience towards Shylock. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Present The Character of Shylock specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Present The Character of Shylock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Present The Character of Shylock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In act 1, scene 3 where Shylock first appears, his first line in the play is Three thousand ducats. We can look at this sentence in two ways; as a cold, greedy man only interested in his money, or as a man making a living at one of the only jobs available for him. Most of the time he fits the cold, greedy character more, because he makes such a big point about locking up the house and really gets annoyed with his daughter for failing to. But then occasionally we see a streak of a man whos lost the person he loved the most, his wife, and whos heart has hardened only by the hate shown towards him. From this manner of his, now Jessica, his only family member is ashamed of him; To be ashamed to be my fathers child. He ends up by striking his daughter, reducing her to tears, making the point of how locking up his house and protecting his possessions are very important. These extreme actions portray him as a man so scared of the outside world and mistreated so much that he feels its necessary to hurt and disrespect the only family he has so as to emphasise the importance of protecting what is his. As Jessica, his daughter, elopes with Lorenzo, Shylock earns pity from the audience when Bassanio is told that, My daughter is my flesh and blood, meaning that by taking her, a part of him has been taken too. But still, in Jessicas defence, her father needed to learn from his harsh actions towards her. When he discovers his daughters disappearance, he screams in rage, finally letting out a deep emotion which we thought Shylock never had, My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter! Fled with a Christian! Only Christian ducats! . This speech of his could have earned a lot of sympathy from the audience if he didnt mention the ducats. He had compared his own daughter to money, demonstrating that he thought of his money as important, if not more important than his daughter. Which once again outlines this stereotypical, greedy Jewish figure. But the most distinguished sympathy cry in the play is Shylocks famous plea for equality in Act three, Scene Five, which victimises him and lets us see him in a whole new light; Whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons. This equality speech is meant to soften the audience towards Shylock, even if it is only momentarily, since he proceeds to carry out his bond in which hes able to legally commit murder to Antonio. The court scene is Shylocks only chance for some justice, if only as a way of revenge for how he has been treated all his life. The court is very biased from the minute Shylock is ordered in by the judge; Go on, and call the Jew into the court! . Thus, Shylock is having an unfair trail. He is being judged in a Christian court, not a court of law. Shylock had lent Bassanio three thousand ducats in order that Antonio would pay him back within a month. Antonio and Shylock made a bond together that meant that if Antonio could not pay back the money, Shylock could claim a pound of flesh nearest to Antonios heart. Due to Antonios bad luck, he could not pay back the money. Which gave Shylock the right to carry out his bond. Shylock is now on the very point of cutting into Antonios skin when Portia, dressed as a doctor of law, stops him and proclaims that the bond was for him to cut only a pound of flesh. The bond doth give thee here no jot of blood. From this she reveals that there is a flaw in the bond and Shylock is to take a pound of flesh without spilling a drop of blood, which of course is impossible; If thou doest shed one drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods are, by the laws of Venice, confiscated unto the state of Venice. His own bond has ruined his chances of revenge. He could still kill Antonio, but would then loose everything that is and ever was dear to him. This gave him no choice but to resign from the bond and loose his chance of revenge that he was so sure he would achieve. Shylock is, at this point, I think more humiliated than he had been at any other point in the play. Shylock has his possessions taken away because of the attempted murder of Antonio, who made two conditions of his life: he must, firstly, become a Christian and, secondly, leave all of his possessions to Jessica and Lorenzo in his will. So, besides him being converted to a Christian and humiliated in court, loosing his possessions and daughter, his friend Tubal left him. Shylock is iscolated not only from Christans but also from Jews. In a way it is quite ironic how the one thing that ruined him, is the one thing that he is left with; Christianity. I think Shylock had been sent right to the point of insanity, he had been victimised all his life. And maybe he only acts in such a horrible manner in a reflex to how he had been treated. So, if racism hadnt victimised him then maybe his temperament would be gentler. I think that Shakespeare presented Shylock in many different aspects and it will depend on the eyes of the individual to which side is seen more clearly. I think Shylock is presented as a comical character to some and both victimised and a villian.

Free Essays on A Daughter Of Han

A Daughter, a Wife and a Mother â€Å"A Daughter of Han† written by Ida Pruitt revealed what life was like for a Chinese woman in the 19th century. It allowed us to follow an ordinary woman’s life story during the end of the Qing Dynasty. Our main character, Ning Lao T’ai-t’ai, lived a full and difficult life. In her time, she gave birth and buried children, she worked as a maid, she begged for money and food to raise her children, she sold her daughter for she could not afford to feed her, and she felt fortunate for being able to age with her family close to her. As the story unfolded, we learned more about the culture and the traditions at the time from Ning Lao T’ai-t’ai’s view. She believed in heaven and the destiny heaven had chosen for her. She obeyed her parents for it was the â€Å"uprightness† of a good woman. She spent her whole life trying to provide for her family and keep them close together. She had grown from a young woman who knew nothing about making a living to an independent woman who bound her family together. In this book, Pruitt was able to show us a traditional view of women’s role in the Chinese society. According to the tradition, a good daughter is to obey her parents. When she gets married, she is to follow her husband, bare children, and wait for her husband to support her. For Ning, life was circumstantial and a matter of destiny. She graciously accepted the life she had been handed and tried her best to do what â€Å"heaven† had chosen for her as a daughter, a wife, and a mother. She did â€Å"what was seemly for a woman to do and what was not seemly† (Pruitt, 14). She believed that whatever one’s destiny, one must learn to live with it. Her life reflected a great deal of womanhood in traditional China. In the 19th century, women were not sent to school to be educated. Instead, they were taught how to be a wife, for women were normally married off around the age of fifteen. Dau... Free Essays on A Daughter Of Han Free Essays on A Daughter Of Han A Daughter, a Wife and a Mother â€Å"A Daughter of Han† written by Ida Pruitt revealed what life was like for a Chinese woman in the 19th century. It allowed us to follow an ordinary woman’s life story during the end of the Qing Dynasty. Our main character, Ning Lao T’ai-t’ai, lived a full and difficult life. In her time, she gave birth and buried children, she worked as a maid, she begged for money and food to raise her children, she sold her daughter for she could not afford to feed her, and she felt fortunate for being able to age with her family close to her. As the story unfolded, we learned more about the culture and the traditions at the time from Ning Lao T’ai-t’ai’s view. She believed in heaven and the destiny heaven had chosen for her. She obeyed her parents for it was the â€Å"uprightness† of a good woman. She spent her whole life trying to provide for her family and keep them close together. She had grown from a young woman who knew nothin g about making a living to an independent woman who bound her family together. In this book, Pruitt was able to show us a traditional view of women’s role in the Chinese society. According to the tradition, a good daughter is to obey her parents. When she gets married, she is to follow her husband, bare children, and wait for her husband to support her. For Ning, life was circumstantial and a matter of destiny. She graciously accepted the life she had been handed and tried her best to do what â€Å"heaven† had chosen for her as a daughter, a wife, and a mother. She did â€Å"what was seemly for a woman to do and what was not seemly† (Pruitt, 14). She believed that whatever one’s destiny, one must learn to live with it. Her life reflected a great deal of womanhood in traditional China. In the 19th century, women were not sent to school to be educated. Instead, they were taught how to be a wife, for women were normally married off around the age of fifteen. Dau...

Business and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business and Sustainability - Essay Example Also, Wal-Mart's presence in 13 international markets including the UK, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Brazil and China, it also allows Asda to foray easily into new markets. (Barnes 2004) The Wal-Mart umbrella not only provides Asda with a strong brand image but also fuels the company's top line growth. Asda's George apparel line started as a small unknown brand in 100 ASDA stores. It is now the second largest clothing retailer in the UK by volume selling in more than 250 stores in the UK. Furthermore, George now has a presence in five other countries including Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Japan and the US. George products are available for men, women, and children and include apparel, shoes, handbags and even eyeglass frames in select stores. (DesJardins 2006) The George brand, known for style and quality, continues to grow in popularity as a favorite fashion choice across the globe. Strong brand image f George allows the group to extend the brand into other product lines. Asda is the second largest chain f supermarkets in UK with a market share f 16.8% as f February 2007. Furthermore, the company outperformed the rest f the retail sector for the first time in three years in terms f growth rate. The overall growth rate f the company was recorded at 9% for the fiscal 2007. Asda's competitors on other hand recorded a low growth rate during the same period. (Thomas 2003) For instance, Sainsbury recorded a growth rate f 7.8%, Tesco (7.2%), Morrisons (3.9%) and Somerfield (-3.8%). This was primarily due to attracting one million new customers through its checkouts and re-evaluation f its customer offer and pricing strategy. Asda can leverage this growth to further enhance its revenues and profitability. (DesJardins 2006) Evaluation f ASDA's non-financial reporting practices Asda has recalled many products in the last year. In August 2007, Asda recalled 115,000 Chinese-made children's bottles in response to a customer complaint regarding the breaking f caps f the bottle. The yellow, pink and orange colored reusable bottles are aimed at children aged three upwards. The recalled bottles were initially priced at 1.25 each then reduced to 63p. Earlier in February 2007, Asda recalled its George kid's snow boot as due to a problem with the toggle that tightened it. Additionally, Asda recalled all batches f its own-brand 500g packs f Simply Porridge due to possible cross contamination with nuts in November 2006. The affected packs contained nuts, which makes this product unsafe for individuals who are allergic to nuts. Product recalls such as these would adversely affect the corporate image and investor confidence. Online shopping has steadily grown in popularity in the UK. It has been estimated that by 2012 online sales will increase by 320%, to 60 billion per annum and would account approximately 20% f all retail sales in the UK. Although the company provides online services, it has a significantly lesser market share than its peers. For instance, the company's biggest competitor, Tesco has 66% f the K's online shopping market. The company's weak presence in this stream f business denies it he opportunity to gain market share in this rapidly growing sector. (Fisher

Should the U.S. intervene in the Syria conflict Essay

Should the U.S. intervene in the Syria conflict - Essay Example Also, U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon remarked, â€Å"After nearly two years, we no longer count days in hours, but in bodies. Another day, another 100, 200, 300 dead,† (p.4). The rapid death rate has also been abundantly documented by Human Rights Watch, the U.N. Independent International Commission on Inquiry on Syria and Amnesty International. All have charged the regime of Assad with a state sanctioned policy ‘crimes against humanity’ and ‘war crimes. Besides, the UNHCHR and Navi Pillay have appealed to the U.N. Security Council several times to refer the country to the International Criminal Court (ICC) (Hashemi and Postel, p.4). Syria’s ghost of conflict has been on the limelight of the world for about two years but there seems to be no consensus on how to address the disaster completely. The U.S., the E.U., the U.N. and the Middle East nation-states are mystified on how to cease Syrian conflict (Hashemi and Postel, p.5). Several politics and moral arguments have emerged lately concerning the intervention of the U.S. in addressing conflict of Syria. This paper will justify the involvement of the U.S. in Syrian conflict and refute some of the opposing arguments against the intervention. First, through sending of its forces to Syria, the U.S. could alleviate massive slaughtering of Syrian civilians. The U.S. has to intervene for humanitarian purposes and to prevent a similar occurrence in the future. Morgan-Russell (p.1) argues that in 1994, the international community watched as Rwandan Hutu group armed with machetes massacred the Tutsi community across the country. Despite the fact that the U.S. and human rights observers provided evidence on the heinous acts, the U.S. came to a decision that it had no permanent interests in the African Great Lakes Region and that deploying few soldiers would be extremely risky. After three months, about 900,000 Rwandans were massacred. The international community blamed the U.S.

Research on Proliferation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

On Proliferation - Research Paper Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that despite the fact that every country agrees that zero tolerance on nuclear weapons is the way to keep international security, there has been a continued spread of the weapons. This leaves a question on how the terrorists groups still manage to get the weapons and what the role of the government has been in the failure of Non-Proliferation Treaty. It also leaves a question on the role of international community in regulating government-sharing weapons with the terrorist groups. Terrorists are a small number of people â€Å"who act outside the normal boundaries of morality, compassion and humanity†. With a continued nuclear technology growth, the highest possibility stands at there could be a high circulation of nuclear weapons internationally. This has lead to the government yielding to external pressures instilled by the desire to compete with other international states as far as state protection is concerned. As a means of protecting the states interests, nuclear proliferation becomes inevitable since no state like being uncertain of their security. They therefore end up involving the terrorist groups by issuing them with weapons to help in states survival. However, there are instances when terrorist groups get weapons illegally for their own reasons. They purchase them on the grounds of performing terrorist attacks to their rival groups that end up harming innocent people in the fight. Failures that have made it hard to end terrorism The issue of proliferation has remained a mystery for decades now. This has made a thorough approach more difficult to the countries seeking solutions. Its definition of it being a puzzle for many years has made a gap in the definition of its cause and effects hence making every theoretical debate not to arrive at a conclusion (Ogilvie-White 1996, 43). Having politicians at the forefront in perpetrating the phenomenon has contributed to making it difficult to determine how weapon proliferation can be without international processes. The way out is to do a thorough investigation to eliminate these perpetrators so that solutions could be arrived at. Lack of official documentation on the past nuclear proliferation has made it difficult to establish reliable sources of evidence to use against the crimes. This has led to abstractness in every debate that has been done on the same hence resulting to doubts on reliability of the information gathered (Ogilvie-White 1996, 43). Criticism has emerged making it hard to obtain valid information on causes and consequences of weapon proliferation in the international political circle. Some countries are feared to have signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty but may not follow the regulations. This has become one of the huddles facing Non-Proliferation Treaty since such countries cannot expose the terrorist groups existing within their borders. Such failures ensure that terrorism continues under the cover o f the individual government. What the role of the government has been in the failure of Non-Proliferation Treaty The government has contributed highly to having distorted evidence on proliferation through its failure to document any such occurrence as it happen. This has led to lack of reliable sources to serve as evidence in the cases against weapon proliferation. With a high foreign secrecy and small number of weapon proliferation cases, politics has proved to be more influential in the causes of proliferation. Nuclear technology funded by the government has been the force behind the production of the nuclear weapons (Ogilvie-White 1996, 44). The speculation as at now is there could be future spread in

Construction of School Building Project Proposal

Construction of School Building Project Proposal 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tanzania after realizing the fact that education is a sure means towards the improvement of the countrys economy; it formulated the Education and Training Policy year 1995 which integrated in the formal school system what was called. This is for children aged between 3 years and 6years. The major objective is to introduce pre-schools in every primary school. The government wants these pre-schools to be run by local governments, private institutions and individuals to build and operate pre-schools. The major objective of initiating per-schools is to bring up children by promoting and enriching the experiences so far acquired by the children from community and family in such areas as religion, languages, culture, health care etc. At primary and secondary school levels the government aims at improving access and enrolment levels due to the fact that in the past the education system was characterized by high drop-out rates mainly due to poor teaching methods by Universal Primary Education (UPE) teachers who were themselves failures at primary school levels. The policy was passed by the government after realizing the fact that early childhood education leaves an imprint in the childs mind and it is a significant factor in the mental and social development of children. The government puts stress on this type of education in its effort to develop the countrys human resources. It is from this need that Agape Love Education Centre builds its foundation to explore this opportunity by coming up with a vision of setting up the Centre for early childhood to access which will help to prevent stunted cognitive development of child and is reputed for facilitating better future performance in school. Agape Love Education Centre will offer pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. It is estimated that first phase of its construction will be done in the first five years. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The Ministry of Education Brief overview According to Tanzania Education and Training policy (1995), the United Republic of Tanzania has realized that quality education is the pillar of national development, for it is through education that the nation obtains skilled manpower to serve in various sector in the nations economy.   It is through quality education Tanzania will be able to create a strong and competitive economy which can effectively cope with the challenges of development and which can also easily and confidently adapt to the changing market and technological conditions in the region and global economy. The structure of the Formal Education and Training System in Tanzania constitutes two (2) years of pre-primary education, seven (7) years of primary education, four (4) years of Junior Secondary (Ordinary Level), two (2) years of Senior Secondary (Advanced Level) and up to three (3) or more years of Tertiary Education.   In short 2:7:4:2:3. Specifically, the education system has three (3) levels, namely: Basic, Secondary and Tertiary Levels. The Scope of the project proposal document This project proposal is about education centre construction of which will be known as Agape Love Education Centre. Upon completion, it will have pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. The official language will be English, which will be used at all levels. As mentioned earlier, the scope of this project proposal will be to construct the education centre within five years, whereby pre-primary school and primary school will start simultaneously in one year while building construction will be progressing. Ordinary secondary school is planned to commence in year three and advanced level in year four. The general goal of this school is to have a school centre which will offer education of high quality basing on Tanzania Ministry of Education curriculum. This centre will provide accommodation to those who are coming from a distant area and also provide tea as well as lunch to those who stay at home. The education centre has its plan in future to have branches in different regions depending on availability of fund as it is in the process of requesting grants from the government. This is because Tanzania has made progress in making education as practical and market oriented as possible guided by the government policy of education for self reliance. The subject combinations are tailored towards what is offered in tertiary and higher education THE PROJECT PROPOSAL OUTLINE Basic data summary of the intended project Rationale of the project Background analysis. The relevance of national policies Project appraisal and sensitivity analysis Implementation logical frame Project monitoring and evaluation Risk analysis Conclusion List of reference Annexes BASIC DATA SUMMARY 4.1 Institution Name The name of this project proposal is known as, AGAPE LOVE EDUCATION CENTRE (ALEC). 4.2 Contact name and post For the progress of this project contact Dr. Mwinamila Senior who is the Managing Director of this Centre. 4.3 Project name The project name is EDUCATION CENTRE CONSTRUCTION. 4.4 Project location The project will be located at BUSHUSHU VILLAGE IN .SHINYANGA MUNICIPALITY Project buildings will be constructed at Bushushu Village which is situated five (5) kilometres from Shinyanga Municipality and about one (1) kilometre from Old Shinyanga road along Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (KASHWASA) Offices. Electricity from the main grid at Shinyanga rural passes through the village and is about five hundred (500) meters from the site where the school buildings will be constructed. Piped water from the main pipe to Shinyanga municipal is available at the village extension pipe to the school. The water table in the area is very high and the school Administration may sink one or two wells to supplement the schools water supply. Bushushu village is within Kambarage ward, Shinyanga Rural District in Shinyanga Municipal. 4.5 Project Area The total area made available to Agape Love Education Centre is about eight (8) hectares and this will be used for the constructions of buildings, basketball, netball court, football pitch, short put, high jump, long green areas and gardens land is not a problem around the area and if the school will need more land it will have to apply for such land and it will not be difficult at all to be allocated such land. 4.6 Project summary ` 4.6.1 Problem statement The project is in line with government efforts to establish as many pre-schools, primary schools and secondary schools as possible so that many children get access to education. Quality basic education is very important to even the poor children. People of Tanzania constitutes empowerment; and it is one of the tools that will empower the country in different aspects of the war against poverty (Refer to Education and Training policy of 1995) 4.6.2 Priority need The priority need of this project proposal is to have an education institution which will join hand with the ministry of educations effort of having a nation with high level of education at all levels; a nation which produces the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. 4.6.3 Project objectives `This project proposal has two main objectives as mentioned here under: To respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. The following objectives will be implemented after getting approval from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. . The School will provide subsidized healthy meals daily to children attending this Centre School. This Centre will continue to raise funds for running the operation of the school by requesting sponsorship for educating the children attending this centre. 4.6.4 Target group The target groups of this project proposal are: The children who currently attend normal Kindergarten, Primary School and Secondary school, as well as the children living in Shinyanga community who need to improve their education level; The teachers who instruct the children according to the Syllabus provided by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training; The supporting administrative and ancillary staff who will facilitate the operation of the school. Parents and guardians in the Shinyanga community who are interested in giving their children the opportunity of education at this education centre. 4.6.5 Project results This project is planned to be constructed at a minimum low cost so as to enable Tanzania community afford to pay the required fees. Construction will be conducted in three phases as follows: Phase one will start in year one, focusing on construction of pre- primary school and other necessary planned buildings. Phase two will follow year two for aiming for construction of primary school class rooms with other necessary planned buildings and phase three will start year four for construction of secondary school class rooms. 4.6.6 Key project activities Key project of Centre will include field activities, building design and construction supervision. All of which will be undertaken by M/s JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD as a consultant to ensure that costs are not escalated. Some other activities will include: title Deed follow – up, topographical survey, master plan preparation. It will also involve location position of buildings. Streets, green areas, open spaces, play grounds etc. Location positioning of storm water, foul water, sewage system in relation to septic tank and sock pits. Setting out dimensions will involve building lines, setbacks and detailed dimensions between one building and the other. Architectural designs and preliminary stages stage 1 The drawing at this stage will have no detailed dimensions, they will just show schedules of accommodation for ease of getting rough estimated figures of the costs of the project. Working drawing –stage 2 These are details design for construction purposes and preparation of bills of quantities. Engineering design- these are of two types. Structural engineers designs- these are applicable for stored building and are used for soil investigation and foundation engineering. Electrical engineering drawings- these show the layout of electrical fitting and appliances especially for laboratories, computers etc Bills of quantities- these showing detailed breakdowns of materials required for every building and these may be used as tender documents in cases of building contracts. Landscaping Architecture and environmental control- this will ensure beautiful and attractive surroundings through the planting of flower gardens and shade trees. Items (3) through to (10) are some of the activities and services to be performed or carried out by the consultants and will be charged ten percent (10%) of estimated total construction costs as follows:- 4.6.7 Summary of areas built up 1. Secondary School 9,337.0 M2 2. Local Church 1,336.0 M2 3. Primary School 7,306.0 M2 4. Sports Arena 21,578.9 M2 Cost estimates per area. Based upon Unit Cost Method per m2, the following rates have been used:- (i) Secondary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (ii) Local Church @ Tshs 250,000/= per m2 (iii) Primary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (iv) Sports Arena @ Tshs 15,000/= per m2 Value per area. 1. Secondary School 2,194,195,000 Tshs 2. Local Church 334,000,000 Tshs 3. Primary School 1,716,910,000 Tshs 4. Sports Arena 323,683,500 Tshs Total 4,568,788,500 Tshs Add: 30% Infrastructures 1,507,700,205.00 10% Consultancy Fees 456,878,850.00 Total Construction Costs Shs 6,533,367,555.00 Other operational costs 1,031,632,445.00 Grand Total Costs 7,565,000,000.00 4.6.8 Project Feasibility study This covers all aspects of the project, describing in details all activities and finances involved. (Refer Annex No. I) 4.6.9 Project budgets In our project this will be our projection of source of income and our plan how are we going to spend this limited resources as expenses over a specified period of time. (Refer Annex No.1) 4.6.10 Project duration The project proposal duration will be for five years which will be preceded with final evaluations that will be conducted at the end of five years. This evaluation intends to make an extensive review of the whole project to see its sustainability for its the long run. 5.0 PROJECT RATIONALE 5.1 Background 5.1.1 Involvement and Experience The project will involve different stakeholders in the whole process of construction aiming to assist its implementations. These will include: Tanzania Building Agency for examining the Architectural designs part of the whole project. Tanzania Ministry of Education for monitoring the whole project and issue license. M/s JKM Multi-Consult Tanzania Ltd a consultant firm for supervision of the project. The society of Shinyanga municipality as stake holders for their children. The sponsors from Postal Bank Tanzania LTD Project team 5.1.2 Experience M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LDT. This is a consultant firm whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm. 5.1.3 Consultation and participation The project has also involved some experts especially for works like, conducting project feasibility study, design and drawings, buildings constructions, risk analysis, project evaluation etc. For instance, buildings constructions have been undertaken by M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD. This is a firm of consults whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm:- 5.1.4 Policies or development strategy This school centre is aiming to be the leading centre academically, socially, environmentally in the country. For this centre to meet these goals some policies and strategies have been put in place. Some of them include: to recruit skilled and experienced teaching staff and non teaching staff, to have in job training plan for all workers, to motivate all workers whose performance in every speciality will be excellent and to continue revising different policies wherever possible for the purpose of improvement etc. 5.1.5 Project approach 5.1.5.1 Goals The project goal is mainly for the construction of buildings for the pre-school, primary school and secondary school for the purpose of providing education. The buildings will cater for learning and boarding requirement of all pupils and students; plus the accommodation requirements of the teachers other school staff. The students and pupils physical fitness requirements will be met by having a sports arena in the school and grounds. ` 5.1.5.2 Objective and output The main objective is to respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. This will be met by having Agape Love Education Centre in place. 5.1.5.3 Main activities The main activities and cost estimate involved are summarized below as:- Project Capital Costs. Project costs are divided into various types namely: investment costs which fall into several categories: Buildings construction costs These are costs incurred in the construction of school buildings and infrastructure. Total construction costs T.shs 4,568,788,500/= Add: infrastructure 30% T. shs 1,507,700,205/= Add: 10% consultancy fees T. shs 456,878,850/= Total costs T. shs 6,533,367,555/= Office Furniture and equipment costs. These are furniture and equipment which will be purchased to furnish the schools. Offices furnish and equipment will be purchased in phases as more classes and offices are constructing red to completion. No definite phasing has been put in place because the phasing will depend on availability of funds. Total costs to purchase furniture and equipment stand at T. shs 168,930,000/=. Laboratory Equipment costs Every secondary school worth the name must have facilities for laboratories where laboratory equipments are a necessity. Agape Love Education Secondary school will have Biology laboratory, Physics laboratory and Chemistry laboratory which will be equipped appropriately. Biology laboratory equipment T.shs 12,000,000/= Chemistry laboratory equipment T.shs 18,000,000/= Physics laboratory equipment T.shs 20,000,000/= Total costs T.shs 50,000,000/= Purchase of school Van 31/4 tons A van will have to be bought for the school so as to cater for all transport requirements of the school. Purchase of Van 31/4 tons year five will cost T.shs 22,000,000/= Purchases of washing machine This will cater for washing all the school bed sheets etc T.shs 693,500/= Other costs are for the purchase of furniture and Equipment estimated at TSH 168,930,000/= Laboratory equipment for Physics, Chemistry and Biology laboratories will cost about TSH 50,000,000/= Total Capital costs Shs. 6,807,105,985/= 6.0 PROJECT APPARAISAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 6.1 Project Appraisal   Business dictionary defined project appraisal as a systematic and comprehensive review of the economic, environmental, financial, social, and technical and other such aspects of a project to determine if it will meet its objectives. 6.2 Operational necessity Every project proposal should pass through this criterion for appraisal. In our education centre, this analysis will assist to determine the merit and acceptability of our school centre in accordance with under laid established criteria. This will be the final step before our project is accepted for financing. It helps us know that our project is feasible against the situation on the ground that the objectives set remain appropriate and that costs are reasonable. 6.3Project appraisal methods 6.3.1Social appraisal A social appraisal will help us review the project design and the process of project identification by implementing and monitoring its progress, from a social perspective. Particular attention will be paid to the likely impact of the project on different stakeholders, their opportunities for participation, and the projects contribution to poverty reduction. 6.3.2 Institutional appraisal This will help us ensures that the supporting institutions are in place and that they can operate effectively within the existing legislative and policy environment. This project has identified opportunities for institutional strengthening and capacity building at a relative cost. 6.3.3 Economic and financial appraisal This helped our project to make an analysis of economic soundness of the project and quantification and valuation of costs and benefits that ensured our financial viability. 6.3.4 Environmental appraisal The plan was made to invite the government specialists in environmental appraisal Environmental Assessment (EA) will assist us to meet one of our goals of having a school centre with a conducive academic environment. Most countries have environment impact assessment (EIA) policy and supporting legislation. Traditionally, EIA will be designed to operate at our project level to help us identify impacts and mitigation measures for this project. 6.3.5 Technical appraisal Technically, this project is going to be feasible as Shinyanga municipal is highly populated. During the time of conducting technical appraisal, a comprehensive review of all technical aspects of the project such as rendering judgment on merits of technical proposals and operating costs will be clearly seen. Some of a checklist that will be used is: To prove or test the technology that will be used to implement the entire tasks. To have a list of equipment and machinery to be installed with their cost and specifications. To know the equipment capacity and whether it is as per requirement etc. 6.3.5 Project Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis will be done in our project to help us determine which variables have the most potential to affect this project. These variables include: task duration,  Ã‚   task start time, and success rate and costs risks. 7.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Activity plan 7.1.1Project activities Here under are estimated activities that will be carried out in a specified estimated period of time. S/NO Activities Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1 Fund solicitation 2 Buildings constructions 3 Purchase of office furniture 4 Laboratory equipment 5 Purchase of school van 6 Pupils registration 7 Risk analysis 8 Monitoring and evaluation 9 Budget preparation 10 School registration process 11 Recruitment of non and teaching staff 7.1.2 Management arrangement 7.1.2.1 Project personnel In every project human resource is very important to ensure that tasks are performed as planned. This includes project manager and project team. 7.1.2.1Individual roles In our project, every project team member will have a certain role assigned to perform at a specified period of time so as to accomplish our goal. 7.1.2.2 Communication mechanisms In our project this mechanism will help Create a document showing the needs to be kept informed about the project and how they will receive the information. The most common mechanism is a weekly or monthly progress report, describing how the project is performing, milestones achieved and work planned for the next period. 7.1.2.3 Project timing and scheduling In carrying out project tasks resources have been allocated to meet activities scheduled so as meet the allocated time. This ha been helped us to determine schedule dates on which activities should be performed this goes hand by hand with resource scheduling. This involves many considerations such as logistics and customer needs. 7.1.2.4 Project budget According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete lecture notice, a budget is a financial plan that is prepared and approved prior to the budget period and may show income, expenditure and the capital to be employed. A budget may be for the business as a whole departments function such as sales and production. 7.1.2.5 Project financial report 7.1.2.5.1 Balance sheet Atrill McLaney (2008) defined a balance sheet as a statement of financial position that show the assets of a business and the claims on those assets (Refer Table 6) 7.1.2.5.2 Income statement According to Atrill McLaney (2008) Income statement is a statement that measures and reports the profit or loss the business has generated during a period. It is derived by deducting from total revenue for a period, the total expenses associated with that revenue. (Refer Table 7) 7.1.2.5.3 Cash flow statement According to Burke (2008) Cash flow statement is a document which models the flow of money in and out of the project reported in a monthly basis. (Refer Table 5) 7.1.2.6 Project monitoring and evaluation 7.1.2.6.1 Monitoring According to Choudhury S (2004) monitoring is referred to as checking how much has been done and what needs to be done for accomplishments of the project tasks. 7.1.2.6.2 Evaluation Ngailo (2007) defined project evaluation as systematic investigative information that help determine whether the project is proceeding as planned and is meeting the stated programme goals and project objectives according to the proposed timeline. 8.0 PROJECT RISK ANALYSIS 8.1 Rationale of project risks analysis According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete Lacture notice. a risk is defined as an uncertain event which should it occur, will have an effect on the project meeting its objectives. The rationale of project risk analysis is to reduce the probability and impact of threats and to increase the probability of opportunities and/or their positive impact. 8.2 Typical source of project risks In most likely any project may be faced by some of these risks: Legal (patents and lawsuits), changes in technology (does your software project need to support Windows Vista?), natural hazards and conditions (have you seen the latest volcano news?), eenvironmental (does a protected or rare species lie in your freeway path?) 8.3 Countermeasures for project risks In our project we have looked at this part critically from the planning stage. Under this part we carried out the quantitative analysis by involving different experts brainstorming with them, and consulting other skilled people to ensure that we review a history of our project where necessary to make the proper judgments. As a result we listed some risks prioritized by probability and impact for us to avoid, ignore, or accommodate different impacts likely to happen. 9.0 CONCLUSION The Agape Love Education Center continues to demonstrate its commitment to the development of Shinyanga region by submitting this five year project proposal document for approval and in so doing it continues to fulfil one of the objectives of the Ministry of Education and Vocation Training of participating in the development of the population of Shinyanga region and the rest of the regions. The Agape School centre aims to make many children in the Shinyanga community for the coming five years feel happy by providing a high standard of education in particular for pre-school, primary school, secondary school, and high school. Construction of School Building Project Proposal Construction of School Building Project Proposal 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tanzania after realizing the fact that education is a sure means towards the improvement of the countrys economy; it formulated the Education and Training Policy year 1995 which integrated in the formal school system what was called. This is for children aged between 3 years and 6years. The major objective is to introduce pre-schools in every primary school. The government wants these pre-schools to be run by local governments, private institutions and individuals to build and operate pre-schools. The major objective of initiating per-schools is to bring up children by promoting and enriching the experiences so far acquired by the children from community and family in such areas as religion, languages, culture, health care etc. At primary and secondary school levels the government aims at improving access and enrolment levels due to the fact that in the past the education system was characterized by high drop-out rates mainly due to poor teaching methods by Universal Primary Education (UPE) teachers who were themselves failures at primary school levels. The policy was passed by the government after realizing the fact that early childhood education leaves an imprint in the childs mind and it is a significant factor in the mental and social development of children. The government puts stress on this type of education in its effort to develop the countrys human resources. It is from this need that Agape Love Education Centre builds its foundation to explore this opportunity by coming up with a vision of setting up the Centre for early childhood to access which will help to prevent stunted cognitive development of child and is reputed for facilitating better future performance in school. Agape Love Education Centre will offer pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. It is estimated that first phase of its construction will be done in the first five years. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The Ministry of Education Brief overview According to Tanzania Education and Training policy (1995), the United Republic of Tanzania has realized that quality education is the pillar of national development, for it is through education that the nation obtains skilled manpower to serve in various sector in the nations economy.   It is through quality education Tanzania will be able to create a strong and competitive economy which can effectively cope with the challenges of development and which can also easily and confidently adapt to the changing market and technological conditions in the region and global economy. The structure of the Formal Education and Training System in Tanzania constitutes two (2) years of pre-primary education, seven (7) years of primary education, four (4) years of Junior Secondary (Ordinary Level), two (2) years of Senior Secondary (Advanced Level) and up to three (3) or more years of Tertiary Education.   In short 2:7:4:2:3. Specifically, the education system has three (3) levels, namely: Basic, Secondary and Tertiary Levels. The Scope of the project proposal document This project proposal is about education centre construction of which will be known as Agape Love Education Centre. Upon completion, it will have pre-primary education, primary education and secondary education. Secondary education will consist of ordinary level and high school level. The official language will be English, which will be used at all levels. As mentioned earlier, the scope of this project proposal will be to construct the education centre within five years, whereby pre-primary school and primary school will start simultaneously in one year while building construction will be progressing. Ordinary secondary school is planned to commence in year three and advanced level in year four. The general goal of this school is to have a school centre which will offer education of high quality basing on Tanzania Ministry of Education curriculum. This centre will provide accommodation to those who are coming from a distant area and also provide tea as well as lunch to those who stay at home. The education centre has its plan in future to have branches in different regions depending on availability of fund as it is in the process of requesting grants from the government. This is because Tanzania has made progress in making education as practical and market oriented as possible guided by the government policy of education for self reliance. The subject combinations are tailored towards what is offered in tertiary and higher education THE PROJECT PROPOSAL OUTLINE Basic data summary of the intended project Rationale of the project Background analysis. The relevance of national policies Project appraisal and sensitivity analysis Implementation logical frame Project monitoring and evaluation Risk analysis Conclusion List of reference Annexes BASIC DATA SUMMARY 4.1 Institution Name The name of this project proposal is known as, AGAPE LOVE EDUCATION CENTRE (ALEC). 4.2 Contact name and post For the progress of this project contact Dr. Mwinamila Senior who is the Managing Director of this Centre. 4.3 Project name The project name is EDUCATION CENTRE CONSTRUCTION. 4.4 Project location The project will be located at BUSHUSHU VILLAGE IN .SHINYANGA MUNICIPALITY Project buildings will be constructed at Bushushu Village which is situated five (5) kilometres from Shinyanga Municipality and about one (1) kilometre from Old Shinyanga road along Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (KASHWASA) Offices. Electricity from the main grid at Shinyanga rural passes through the village and is about five hundred (500) meters from the site where the school buildings will be constructed. Piped water from the main pipe to Shinyanga municipal is available at the village extension pipe to the school. The water table in the area is very high and the school Administration may sink one or two wells to supplement the schools water supply. Bushushu village is within Kambarage ward, Shinyanga Rural District in Shinyanga Municipal. 4.5 Project Area The total area made available to Agape Love Education Centre is about eight (8) hectares and this will be used for the constructions of buildings, basketball, netball court, football pitch, short put, high jump, long green areas and gardens land is not a problem around the area and if the school will need more land it will have to apply for such land and it will not be difficult at all to be allocated such land. 4.6 Project summary ` 4.6.1 Problem statement The project is in line with government efforts to establish as many pre-schools, primary schools and secondary schools as possible so that many children get access to education. Quality basic education is very important to even the poor children. People of Tanzania constitutes empowerment; and it is one of the tools that will empower the country in different aspects of the war against poverty (Refer to Education and Training policy of 1995) 4.6.2 Priority need The priority need of this project proposal is to have an education institution which will join hand with the ministry of educations effort of having a nation with high level of education at all levels; a nation which produces the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. 4.6.3 Project objectives `This project proposal has two main objectives as mentioned here under: To respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. The following objectives will be implemented after getting approval from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. . The School will provide subsidized healthy meals daily to children attending this Centre School. This Centre will continue to raise funds for running the operation of the school by requesting sponsorship for educating the children attending this centre. 4.6.4 Target group The target groups of this project proposal are: The children who currently attend normal Kindergarten, Primary School and Secondary school, as well as the children living in Shinyanga community who need to improve their education level; The teachers who instruct the children according to the Syllabus provided by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training; The supporting administrative and ancillary staff who will facilitate the operation of the school. Parents and guardians in the Shinyanga community who are interested in giving their children the opportunity of education at this education centre. 4.6.5 Project results This project is planned to be constructed at a minimum low cost so as to enable Tanzania community afford to pay the required fees. Construction will be conducted in three phases as follows: Phase one will start in year one, focusing on construction of pre- primary school and other necessary planned buildings. Phase two will follow year two for aiming for construction of primary school class rooms with other necessary planned buildings and phase three will start year four for construction of secondary school class rooms. 4.6.6 Key project activities Key project of Centre will include field activities, building design and construction supervision. All of which will be undertaken by M/s JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD as a consultant to ensure that costs are not escalated. Some other activities will include: title Deed follow – up, topographical survey, master plan preparation. It will also involve location position of buildings. Streets, green areas, open spaces, play grounds etc. Location positioning of storm water, foul water, sewage system in relation to septic tank and sock pits. Setting out dimensions will involve building lines, setbacks and detailed dimensions between one building and the other. Architectural designs and preliminary stages stage 1 The drawing at this stage will have no detailed dimensions, they will just show schedules of accommodation for ease of getting rough estimated figures of the costs of the project. Working drawing –stage 2 These are details design for construction purposes and preparation of bills of quantities. Engineering design- these are of two types. Structural engineers designs- these are applicable for stored building and are used for soil investigation and foundation engineering. Electrical engineering drawings- these show the layout of electrical fitting and appliances especially for laboratories, computers etc Bills of quantities- these showing detailed breakdowns of materials required for every building and these may be used as tender documents in cases of building contracts. Landscaping Architecture and environmental control- this will ensure beautiful and attractive surroundings through the planting of flower gardens and shade trees. Items (3) through to (10) are some of the activities and services to be performed or carried out by the consultants and will be charged ten percent (10%) of estimated total construction costs as follows:- 4.6.7 Summary of areas built up 1. Secondary School 9,337.0 M2 2. Local Church 1,336.0 M2 3. Primary School 7,306.0 M2 4. Sports Arena 21,578.9 M2 Cost estimates per area. Based upon Unit Cost Method per m2, the following rates have been used:- (i) Secondary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (ii) Local Church @ Tshs 250,000/= per m2 (iii) Primary School @ Tshs 235,000/= per m2 (iv) Sports Arena @ Tshs 15,000/= per m2 Value per area. 1. Secondary School 2,194,195,000 Tshs 2. Local Church 334,000,000 Tshs 3. Primary School 1,716,910,000 Tshs 4. Sports Arena 323,683,500 Tshs Total 4,568,788,500 Tshs Add: 30% Infrastructures 1,507,700,205.00 10% Consultancy Fees 456,878,850.00 Total Construction Costs Shs 6,533,367,555.00 Other operational costs 1,031,632,445.00 Grand Total Costs 7,565,000,000.00 4.6.8 Project Feasibility study This covers all aspects of the project, describing in details all activities and finances involved. (Refer Annex No. I) 4.6.9 Project budgets In our project this will be our projection of source of income and our plan how are we going to spend this limited resources as expenses over a specified period of time. (Refer Annex No.1) 4.6.10 Project duration The project proposal duration will be for five years which will be preceded with final evaluations that will be conducted at the end of five years. This evaluation intends to make an extensive review of the whole project to see its sustainability for its the long run. 5.0 PROJECT RATIONALE 5.1 Background 5.1.1 Involvement and Experience The project will involve different stakeholders in the whole process of construction aiming to assist its implementations. These will include: Tanzania Building Agency for examining the Architectural designs part of the whole project. Tanzania Ministry of Education for monitoring the whole project and issue license. M/s JKM Multi-Consult Tanzania Ltd a consultant firm for supervision of the project. The society of Shinyanga municipality as stake holders for their children. The sponsors from Postal Bank Tanzania LTD Project team 5.1.2 Experience M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LDT. This is a consultant firm whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm. 5.1.3 Consultation and participation The project has also involved some experts especially for works like, conducting project feasibility study, design and drawings, buildings constructions, risk analysis, project evaluation etc. For instance, buildings constructions have been undertaken by M/S JKM MULTI-CONSULT TANZANIA LTD. This is a firm of consults whose offices are situated at Kibaha Mailimoja. It is a new firm recently registered with the registrar of companies under the Companies Ordinance (cap 212), but its staffs are backed up with vast experience in the building design and construction industry as well as projects planning; project appraisal and financial management acquired while working with other firm:- 5.1.4 Policies or development strategy This school centre is aiming to be the leading centre academically, socially, environmentally in the country. For this centre to meet these goals some policies and strategies have been put in place. Some of them include: to recruit skilled and experienced teaching staff and non teaching staff, to have in job training plan for all workers, to motivate all workers whose performance in every speciality will be excellent and to continue revising different policies wherever possible for the purpose of improvement etc. 5.1.5 Project approach 5.1.5.1 Goals The project goal is mainly for the construction of buildings for the pre-school, primary school and secondary school for the purpose of providing education. The buildings will cater for learning and boarding requirement of all pupils and students; plus the accommodation requirements of the teachers other school staff. The students and pupils physical fitness requirements will be met by having a sports arena in the school and grounds. ` 5.1.5.2 Objective and output The main objective is to respond to the needs of a rapidly growing business and education sector in Shinyanga municipality by producing the quality and quantity of educated people sufficiently equipped with the requisite knowledge to solve the societys problems in order to meet the challenges of development and attain competitiveness at regional and global at large at affordable costs. This will be met by having Agape Love Education Centre in place. 5.1.5.3 Main activities The main activities and cost estimate involved are summarized below as:- Project Capital Costs. Project costs are divided into various types namely: investment costs which fall into several categories: Buildings construction costs These are costs incurred in the construction of school buildings and infrastructure. Total construction costs T.shs 4,568,788,500/= Add: infrastructure 30% T. shs 1,507,700,205/= Add: 10% consultancy fees T. shs 456,878,850/= Total costs T. shs 6,533,367,555/= Office Furniture and equipment costs. These are furniture and equipment which will be purchased to furnish the schools. Offices furnish and equipment will be purchased in phases as more classes and offices are constructing red to completion. No definite phasing has been put in place because the phasing will depend on availability of funds. Total costs to purchase furniture and equipment stand at T. shs 168,930,000/=. Laboratory Equipment costs Every secondary school worth the name must have facilities for laboratories where laboratory equipments are a necessity. Agape Love Education Secondary school will have Biology laboratory, Physics laboratory and Chemistry laboratory which will be equipped appropriately. Biology laboratory equipment T.shs 12,000,000/= Chemistry laboratory equipment T.shs 18,000,000/= Physics laboratory equipment T.shs 20,000,000/= Total costs T.shs 50,000,000/= Purchase of school Van 31/4 tons A van will have to be bought for the school so as to cater for all transport requirements of the school. Purchase of Van 31/4 tons year five will cost T.shs 22,000,000/= Purchases of washing machine This will cater for washing all the school bed sheets etc T.shs 693,500/= Other costs are for the purchase of furniture and Equipment estimated at TSH 168,930,000/= Laboratory equipment for Physics, Chemistry and Biology laboratories will cost about TSH 50,000,000/= Total Capital costs Shs. 6,807,105,985/= 6.0 PROJECT APPARAISAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 6.1 Project Appraisal   Business dictionary defined project appraisal as a systematic and comprehensive review of the economic, environmental, financial, social, and technical and other such aspects of a project to determine if it will meet its objectives. 6.2 Operational necessity Every project proposal should pass through this criterion for appraisal. In our education centre, this analysis will assist to determine the merit and acceptability of our school centre in accordance with under laid established criteria. This will be the final step before our project is accepted for financing. It helps us know that our project is feasible against the situation on the ground that the objectives set remain appropriate and that costs are reasonable. 6.3Project appraisal methods 6.3.1Social appraisal A social appraisal will help us review the project design and the process of project identification by implementing and monitoring its progress, from a social perspective. Particular attention will be paid to the likely impact of the project on different stakeholders, their opportunities for participation, and the projects contribution to poverty reduction. 6.3.2 Institutional appraisal This will help us ensures that the supporting institutions are in place and that they can operate effectively within the existing legislative and policy environment. This project has identified opportunities for institutional strengthening and capacity building at a relative cost. 6.3.3 Economic and financial appraisal This helped our project to make an analysis of economic soundness of the project and quantification and valuation of costs and benefits that ensured our financial viability. 6.3.4 Environmental appraisal The plan was made to invite the government specialists in environmental appraisal Environmental Assessment (EA) will assist us to meet one of our goals of having a school centre with a conducive academic environment. Most countries have environment impact assessment (EIA) policy and supporting legislation. Traditionally, EIA will be designed to operate at our project level to help us identify impacts and mitigation measures for this project. 6.3.5 Technical appraisal Technically, this project is going to be feasible as Shinyanga municipal is highly populated. During the time of conducting technical appraisal, a comprehensive review of all technical aspects of the project such as rendering judgment on merits of technical proposals and operating costs will be clearly seen. Some of a checklist that will be used is: To prove or test the technology that will be used to implement the entire tasks. To have a list of equipment and machinery to be installed with their cost and specifications. To know the equipment capacity and whether it is as per requirement etc. 6.3.5 Project Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis will be done in our project to help us determine which variables have the most potential to affect this project. These variables include: task duration,  Ã‚   task start time, and success rate and costs risks. 7.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Activity plan 7.1.1Project activities Here under are estimated activities that will be carried out in a specified estimated period of time. S/NO Activities Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1 Fund solicitation 2 Buildings constructions 3 Purchase of office furniture 4 Laboratory equipment 5 Purchase of school van 6 Pupils registration 7 Risk analysis 8 Monitoring and evaluation 9 Budget preparation 10 School registration process 11 Recruitment of non and teaching staff 7.1.2 Management arrangement 7.1.2.1 Project personnel In every project human resource is very important to ensure that tasks are performed as planned. This includes project manager and project team. 7.1.2.1Individual roles In our project, every project team member will have a certain role assigned to perform at a specified period of time so as to accomplish our goal. 7.1.2.2 Communication mechanisms In our project this mechanism will help Create a document showing the needs to be kept informed about the project and how they will receive the information. The most common mechanism is a weekly or monthly progress report, describing how the project is performing, milestones achieved and work planned for the next period. 7.1.2.3 Project timing and scheduling In carrying out project tasks resources have been allocated to meet activities scheduled so as meet the allocated time. This ha been helped us to determine schedule dates on which activities should be performed this goes hand by hand with resource scheduling. This involves many considerations such as logistics and customer needs. 7.1.2.4 Project budget According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete lecture notice, a budget is a financial plan that is prepared and approved prior to the budget period and may show income, expenditure and the capital to be employed. A budget may be for the business as a whole departments function such as sales and production. 7.1.2.5 Project financial report 7.1.2.5.1 Balance sheet Atrill McLaney (2008) defined a balance sheet as a statement of financial position that show the assets of a business and the claims on those assets (Refer Table 6) 7.1.2.5.2 Income statement According to Atrill McLaney (2008) Income statement is a statement that measures and reports the profit or loss the business has generated during a period. It is derived by deducting from total revenue for a period, the total expenses associated with that revenue. (Refer Table 7) 7.1.2.5.3 Cash flow statement According to Burke (2008) Cash flow statement is a document which models the flow of money in and out of the project reported in a monthly basis. (Refer Table 5) 7.1.2.6 Project monitoring and evaluation 7.1.2.6.1 Monitoring According to Choudhury S (2004) monitoring is referred to as checking how much has been done and what needs to be done for accomplishments of the project tasks. 7.1.2.6.2 Evaluation Ngailo (2007) defined project evaluation as systematic investigative information that help determine whether the project is proceeding as planned and is meeting the stated programme goals and project objectives according to the proposed timeline. 8.0 PROJECT RISK ANALYSIS 8.1 Rationale of project risks analysis According to Dr. Magigi Mwaitete Lacture notice. a risk is defined as an uncertain event which should it occur, will have an effect on the project meeting its objectives. The rationale of project risk analysis is to reduce the probability and impact of threats and to increase the probability of opportunities and/or their positive impact. 8.2 Typical source of project risks In most likely any project may be faced by some of these risks: Legal (patents and lawsuits), changes in technology (does your software project need to support Windows Vista?), natural hazards and conditions (have you seen the latest volcano news?), eenvironmental (does a protected or rare species lie in your freeway path?) 8.3 Countermeasures for project risks In our project we have looked at this part critically from the planning stage. Under this part we carried out the quantitative analysis by involving different experts brainstorming with them, and consulting other skilled people to ensure that we review a history of our project where necessary to make the proper judgments. As a result we listed some risks prioritized by probability and impact for us to avoid, ignore, or accommodate different impacts likely to happen. 9.0 CONCLUSION The Agape Love Education Center continues to demonstrate its commitment to the development of Shinyanga region by submitting this five year project proposal document for approval and in so doing it continues to fulfil one of the objectives of the Ministry of Education and Vocation Training of participating in the development of the population of Shinyanga region and the rest of the regions. The Agape School centre aims to make many children in the Shinyanga community for the coming five years feel happy by providing a high standard of education in particular for pre-school, primary school, secondary school, and high school.

The Right Of Autonomy :: essays research papers

The Right of Autonomy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political philosophy is the philosophy of the state. A state is a group of people who have supreme authority within a given territory or over a certain population, according to Wolf. Authority then, is the right to command and the right to be obeyed which is different from power. Power in Wolff's terms, is the â€Å"ability to compel compliance.† Moral autonomy is â€Å"a submission to laws which one has made for oneself.† Wolf believes that there is a problem between authority and autonomy. Autonomy overrides the importance of authority. He also thinks that classical democracy fails to be a solution to this problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An autonomous person is not subject to the will of another. This is thought to be the primary obligation of man. In political philosophy, autonomy is a refusal to be ruled, and authority of the state is the right to rule, there is a conflict. If a man fulfills his obligation to autonomy, then he will go against the claim by the state to have authority over him. Wolf states, â€Å"He will deny that he has a duty to obey the laws of the state simply because they are the laws.† This is the major conflict with political authority. Some philosophers believe that a solution to this problem is the concept of democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This argument says that if men rule themselves then they would be both the law givers and followers, combining autonomy with authority. â€Å"His obligation to submit to the laws stems not from the divine right of the monarch, nor from the hereditary authority of a noble class, but from the fact that he himself is the source of the laws which govern him.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wolf doesn't think that it fully solves the problem between authority and autonomy. A unanimous direct democracy is the closest to resolving the conflict, yet in only exists in theory. Representative democracy seems to solve the problems of unanimous direct democracy, but it too, has its problems. Its problems lie in the fact that it is incredibly difficult for everyone to be truly represented. If one is not, then their autonomy is sacrificed. Another possible democratic solution is majoritarian democracy. The problem with this comes with those people who are in the minority. The minority voice is limiting their autonomy because they are obeying something that they do not will. Here Wolf again shows democracy fails to solve the problem between authority and